When you want to build your own power tool brand, choosing the right OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) is very important. A reliable OEM partner will not only produce tools for you but also help you grow your business with stable quality and strong support.

KYNKO – A Leading Power Tool Manufacturer in China

KYNKO is one of the Top 10 Professional Power Tool manufacturers in China. With over 30 years of experience, KYNKO has become a leading supplier trusted by customers in more than 80 countries. We focus on making professional and industrial-grade power tools that match the standards of world-famous brands like Bosch and Makita.

As a top power tools supplier in China, KYNKO provides OEM and ODM services to help partners build their own brands with confidence.

Why KYNKO is a Reliable OEM Manufacturer

1. Over 30 Years of Experience

KYNKO has been producing high-quality tools since 1993. We know the market demands and provide solutions for different regions, from Asia and Europe to the U.S. and Africa.

2. Professional Quality

KYNKO power tools are designed for durability and performance. Our quality is strictly controlled and has earned the trust of professional users worldwide. Many customers consider KYNKO as their long-term OEM partner.

3. Full OEM & ODM Service

We offer full customization: logo embossing, laser printing, packaging design, and color matching. Whether you are starting a new brand or expanding your current product line, KYNKO can provide flexible solutions. Our sub-brand Amoy specializes in OEM services for lithium battery tools, meeting the fast-growing demand for cordless power tools.

4. Strong R&D Ability

As a leading power tool manufacturer in China, KYNKO invests heavily in research and development. Our engineers create new designs with advanced technology, such as brushless motors, improved safety features, and long-lasting batteries. This keeps your brand competitive in the global market.

5. Global Export & Compliance

KYNKO exports to more than 80 countries. We understand international certifications like CE, GS, UL, and CCC, ensuring our tools meet safety and compliance requirements. This gives our OEM partners peace of mind when entering new markets.

How to Choose a Reliable Power Tool OEM Factory in China

1. Check Quality Standards: Look for factories with ISO certification and strict QC systems.

2. MOQ (Minimum Order Quantity): Confirm if the factory's MOQ fits your business scale.

3. Export Experience: Factories with global export experience understand compliance and market trends.

4. After-Sales Support: Ask about spare parts supply, warranty policies, and technical service.

The Future of OEM Power Tools in China

China is leading the world in power tool manufacturing, especially in cordless technology, smart functions, and eco-friendly materials. As a top OEM supplier, KYNKO is upgrading its products to meet future demands and to help partners succeed in a competitive market.

Conclusion

A reliable power tool OEM manufacturer should give you stable quality, flexible customization, and professional support. KYNKO, as a leading power tool manufacturer and supplier in China, is proud to provide world-class OEM and ODM services. If you are looking for a long-term partner to build your brand, KYNKO is ready to be your trusted choice.

In the realm of heavy-duty fieldwork, the choice of an Angle Grinder plays a pivotal role in ensuring efficiency, productivity, and safety. When navigating through the plethora of options available, it is essential to consider various factors to make an informed decision tailored to your specific needs.

1.Prioritize Power And Choose the Right Disc Size For Your Tasks

For heavy-duty tasks, power is non-negotiable. An underpowered angle grinder will struggle with tough materials, overheat quickly, and fail to deliver clean cuts or smooth grinds—wasting time and increasing the risk of tool damage. The disc size determines the grinder’s cutting/grinding capacity. For heavy-duty work, larger discs are essential to handle bigger materials and cover more surface area.

Avoid Underpowered Models: Grinders with less than 2000W are better suited for light to medium tasks. For heavy-duty fields like construction, metal fabrication, or stone processing, opt for 2200W or higher—like KYNKO's 2600W Professional Angle Grinder model. It has a 2600W rated power and can reach up to 3000W peak power—making it one of the most powerful angle grinders on the market. This level of power easily handles thick metal plates, dense stone, and large tiles, even during extended use.

Common Heavy-Duty Sizes: 180mm (7 inches) and 230mm (9 inches) are the standard for heavy-duty tasks. The 230mm size, in particular, is ideal for large-scale projects: it can cut thicker materials and grind wider surfaces.

2. Focus on Durability: Build Quality & Protective Technologies

Heavy-duty use exposes grinders to dust, moisture, vibrations, and high temperatures—so durability is key to avoiding frequent replacements. Look for tools with rugged construction and advanced protective features.

Motor Protection: A high-quality motor is the heart of the grinder. KYNKO uses an advanced motor manufacturing process paired with a patented coating technology to extend motor life. This coating resists wear from friction and prevents dust ingress, a common cause of motor failure in heavy-duty environments.

Dustproof & Waterproof Design: Dust and water are major enemies of power tools. KYNKO’s exclusive dustproof and waterproof technology shields internal components from debris and liquid spills—critical for tasks like outdoor stone cutting or metal grinding in dusty workshops. This feature significantly extends the tool’s lifespan compared to standard grinders.

Strong Gears: Gears bear the brunt of heavy loads. KYNKO uses 20CrMnTi gears (a high-strength alloy steel) with 2-time heat treatment. This process enhances gear hardness, reduces noise, and prevents premature wear—even when grinding hard materials like cast iron.

3. Safety Features: Non-Negotiable for Heavy-Duty Use

Heavy-duty tasks carry higher safety risks. A safe grinder protects the operator and minimizes accidents.

Soft Start & Restart Protection: Soft start prevents sudden jolts when the tool is turned on, reducing kickback risk. Restart protection ensures the grinder doesn’t turn on automatically if power is restored after a blackout—critical for preventing accidental activation. KYNKO’s grinder includes both soft start and restart protection as standard features.

Certifications: Always choose grinders with global safety certifications, which confirm compliance with strict safety standards. KYNKO’s model holds CB, CCC, CE, and RoHS certifications—guaranteeing it meets safety and environmental requirements for use in over 70 countries (including Germany, Australia, and Vietnam).

Ergonomic Design: While not a “safety feature” perse, ergonomics reduce operator fatigue—which can lead to mistakes. KYNKO’s grinder has an ergonomic grip that fits comfortably in hands, allowing for flexible operation and better control during long shifts. It also runs smoothly at high speed (6600 RPM no-load speed) with minimal hand vibration, further enhancing safety and comfort.

Conclusion:

In the realm of heavy-duty fieldwork, the choice of angle grinders is a critical decision that can significantly impact work efficiency and output quality. By considering factors such as power, durability, and safety features, you can make an informed choice that aligns with the demands of your field operations.

For unparalleled performance and reliability in heavy-duty applications, the KYNKO KD71 Powerful Industrial Angle Grinder emerges as a standout choice, offering the perfect blend of power, durability, and functionality for field professionals.

Make a wise investment in your fieldwork equipment by choosing the right angle grinder that meets your specific requirements and ensures optimal performance in heavy-duty environments.

VST-4 Compact Desktop Vision-Based Counting and Packaging Machine

The VST-4 Compact Desktop Vision-Based Counting and Packaging Machine is designed for high-precision, efficient counting and packaging of small parts in warehouses and manufacturing environments. Its space-saving design and exceptional mobility make it an ideal solution for operations with limited space or requiring frequent repositioning.

Key Features

• High-Accuracy Vision System: Incorporates an industrial-grade vision sensor to ensure precise counting of a wide range of small components, regardless of shape or material.
• Compact & Portable Design: Its streamlined desktop structure allows easy relocation and integration into tight workspaces.
• Extensive Material Compatibility: Capable of handling diverse types of small items such as electronic components, hardware fasteners, and medical parts without requiring tooling changes.
• User-Friendly Operation: Features an intuitive interface with one-touch counting and packaging functions, minimizing training time and reducing operational complexity.
• Rapid Processing: Achieves high-speed counting and packaging, significantly improving throughput in small-batch production and logistics tasks.

Applications
Ideal for use in electronics, precision hardware, medical device manufacturing, and other industries where accurate counting and efficient packaging of small items are critical.

Ideal For

• Warehouses with limited floor space
• Small-batch production lines
• Multi-scenario, flexible counting and packaging requirementsEnhance your operational efficiency and reduce counting errors with the VST-4—a reliable, compact, and intelligent solution for modern small-part management.

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As a leading producer of automotive components with over three decades of professional experience, FENGYU has solidified its reputation as a trustworthy provider of Control Arms, delivering precision and longevity to the global aftermarket. Specializing in suspension parts, we offer an extensive lineup of Control Arms compatible with 90% of vehicle brands—covering Japanese makes (Toyota, Honda, Lexus, Nissan), American models (Ford, Dodge, Chevrolet, Chrysler), and even European brands like Volvo and BMW. This makes us the preferred choice for Toyota Control Arms, Honda Control Arms, Ford Control Arms, Dodge Control Arms, Chevrolet Silverado Upper Control Arms, Chrysler Control Arms, Lexus Control Arms, and Nissan Control Arms, among others.

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Engineered for Longevity: Premium Materials & Meticulous Craftsmanship​

At FENGYU, every Control Arm is built to endure the demands of daily driving and harsh road conditions, starting with top-tier materials. Our Control Arms feature high-strength alloy steel frames, ensuring exceptional rigidity to handle the pressure of vehicle weight, off-road bumps, and heavy loads. The integrated bushings—crafted from high-density, wear-resistant rubber—provide essential shock absorption, reducing noise and vibration while preventing metal-on-metal friction that shortens part life.

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We also prioritize protection against corrosion: each Control Arm undergoes a multi-layer coating process (including zinc plating and anti-rust paint) to shield against road salt, moisture, and debris—critical for maintaining performance in rainy or snowy regions. Hardware such as mounting brackets and bolts are forged from high-tensile steel, guaranteeing a secure fit that won’t loosen over time, whether it’s a Chevrolet Silverado Upper Control Arm or a Lexus Control Arm.

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Tailored to Your Business: Flexible OEM/ODM Solutions​

Recognizing the varied needs of aftermarket distributors, wholesalers, and importers, FENGYU offers customizable OEM/ODM services for Control Arms to help you build your brand. You can choose from finishes like matte black or silver, add laser-engraved logos or part numbers for easy brand recognition, or opt for personalized packaging—from branded color boxes to custom polybags that align with your marketing strategy.

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With a low MOQ of 100 units per model, we eliminate the burden of large inventory commitments, making it easy to stock both bestsellers (like Toyota Control Arms and Ford Control Arms) and specialized options (such as Chevrolet Silverado Upper Control Arms). Our factory-direct pricing also ensures you get competitive profit margins, helping you stay ahead in the aftermarket.

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Quality You Can Rely On: Strict Testing & Global Certifications​

Quality is non-negotiable at FENGYU, and every Control Arm undergoes rigorous testing to meet or exceed OE standards. We start with raw material inspections (verifying the strength of alloy steel), then conduct in-process checks to ensure dimensional accuracy—critical for a perfect fit with each vehicle model. Before shipment, each Control Arm is tested for load-bearing capacity (to confirm it handles vehicle weight safely), bushing flexibility (to ensure smooth movement), and corrosion resistance (to validate long-term durability).

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Our commitment to quality is backed by IATF 16949 and ISO certifications, meaning every FENGYU Control Arm—whether a Nissan Control Arm or a Chrysler Control Arm—adheres to global quality benchmarks. You can trust that our parts will perform as reliably as original components, keeping end-users safe and comfortable on the road.

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Supported by Expertise & Responsive After-Sales Service​

We stand behind every Control Arm we produce with a solid warranty and 24/7 after-sales support. If you encounter any issues—whether a fitment concern with a Honda Control Arm or a performance question about a Chevrolet Silverado Upper Control Arm—our team is ready to assist. Simply share photos or videos of the problem, and we’ll provide prompt solutions, including refunds or replacements in your next order.

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With over 30 years of export experience, we understand the importance of timely delivery. Our ready stock of 100,000+ Control Arms (including hot-selling models like Toyota Control Arms and Ford Control Arms) ensures quick turnaround for urgent orders, while custom OEM/ODM orders are fulfilled within 30–45 days—keeping your inventory flowing and your customers satisfied.

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Partner with FENGYU for Suspension Excellence​

Whether you need to stock Toyota Control Arms for sedans, Chevrolet Silverado Upper Control Arms for trucks, or Lexus Control Arms for luxury SUVs, FENGYU combines quality, flexibility, and expertise to support your business. We don’t just supply parts—we build long-term partnerships, offering professional guidance to help you curate a product range that meets your market’s unique needs.

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Looking for a trusted Control Arm supplier? Contact the FENGYU team today to explore our full range, discuss customization options, and get a free quotation. Grow your business with parts built to deliver lasting suspension performance.

Textiles (such as clothing, furniture fabrics, bedding, etc.) may come into contact with fire sources (such as open flames, high-temperature electrical appliances, cigarettes, etc.) during daily use. Their combustion characteristics are directly related to fire risk and personal safety. Therefore, imparting flame-retardant properties to textiles is of great significance in eliminating fire hazards, preventing the spread of fire, and reducing loss of life and property.

1. Vertical burning method: Mainly used for flame retardancy testing of clothing textiles, curtains, and other fabrics. This testing method requires the test sample to be placed vertically (with the length direction of the test sample perpendicular to the horizontal line). The ignition source is located below the test sample to initiate combustion. Key indicators related to flame-retardant performance include the minimum ignition time, sustained burning time, smoldering time, flame spread rate, char length (damaged length), and char area (damaged area) of the test sample.

Common testing standards for the vertical burning method:

GB/T5455 Test method for flammability of textiles;  

GB/T8745 Determination of vertical damage length, flame retardancy, and sustained burning time of textiles;  

16CFR1615/1616 Flammability test for children's sleepwear.

2.45° Burning Method: This testing method specifies that the test sample is placed at a 45° angle (with the length of the test sample forming a 45° angle with the horizontal line), and measures the time required for the sample to burn upward over a certain distance, or measures post-flame burning time, smoldering time, flame spread rate, char length, char area, or the number of times the sample must come into contact with the flame to burn to a certain distance below the sample, among other indicators related to flame-retardant performance.

Common testing standards for the 45° burning method:

GB/T14644 Determination of burning rate in the 45° direction for textile burning performance;  

ASTM D1230 Standard test method for flammability of apparel textiles;  

16 CFR PART 1610 Flammability test standard for apparel textiles;  

CAN/CGSB-4.2 No. 27.5 Canadian textile 45° flame burning performance.

3. Horizontal Burning Method: Primarily used for testing the flammability performance of children's sleeping bags and blankets. This testing method involves exposing the sample surface to a standardized flame for a specified period of time, observing the burning rate, damage extent, or color change of the sample, and subsequently grading the tested fabric.

Common testing standards for the horizontal burning method:

CPAI75 Children's Sleeping Bag Flammability Test

ASTM F1955 Sleeping Bag Flammability Test Method

ASTM D4151 Blanket Flammability Test Method

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Yarn friction tester is the quality and performance of knitted fabrics depend on the characteristics of the knitted raw materials, the structure and specifications of the knitted fabrics, dyeing and finishing, and other factors. Among these, the performance of the knitted raw materials is the primary factor influencing the characteristics of knitted fabrics. Different types of knitted fabrics require different raw materials. Currently, most knitted fabrics used for underwear are made from cotton yarn; the raw materials for sock products include cotton yarn, wool, and chemical fibers. Wool sweaters are primarily made from wool, acrylic, acrylic blended yarn, etc. The main raw materials for knitted jackets are polyester, nylon, acrylic, blended yarn, and new textile materials (such as staple fibers, differentiated fibers, etc.); raw materials for special industries are primarily glass fiber, metal wires, and aromatic fibers. Raw material components can be pure yarn, which contains only one type of fiber, or blended yarn, which contains two or more types of fibers; (e.g., colored yarn, slub yarn, knotted yarn, core-spun yarn, etc.). Additionally, the emergence of new raw materials, such as special-shaped chemical fibers, composite fibers, and especially ultra-fine denier fibers, has opened up new methods for knitted yarn production.

During the process of forming knitted fabrics on a knitting machine, yarn is subjected to complex mechanical actions such as stretching, bending, twisting, and friction. To ensure normal production and product quality, knitting yarn must meet various requirements:

1. Yarn should have sufficient strength and extensibility

2. Yarn should have good softness

3. Yarn should have a certain degree of twist

4. The linear density of yarn should be uniform, and yarn defects should be minimal

5. The yarn should have good moisture absorption properties

6. The yarn should have a good finish and low friction coefficient

Knitting yarn should be free of impurities and oil stains and should be very smooth. Rough yarn can cause severe wear on parts, which are easily damaged. There are many flying sparks in the workshop, which not only affect workers' health but also impact the productivity of the knitting machine and the quality of the fabric.

Additionally, during the weaving process, yarn comes into friction contact with various mechanical components to impart a certain degree of resistance, thereby generating yarn tension. Therefore, when passing through ring machines, yarn with rough surfaces or coarse yarn will produce higher yarn tension, which will affect the uniformity of yarn tension and result in uneven loop structure. To reduce the yarn's friction coefficient, the yarn surface can be treated with anti-adhesive agents, lubricants, or wax.

When friction occurs as the yarn slides over other surfaces, tension is generated due to friction. In practical applications, the yarn passes through several sinkers and hooks. As the friction coefficient increases, yarn tension increases significantly. The increase in tension depends not only on the friction coefficient but also on the yarn guidance and the total wrapping angle when the yarn slides.

During textile processing, relative movement typically occurs between yarns, as well as between yarns and machine components, resulting in friction between yarns or between yarns and other materials. Sufficient friction between yarns is a necessary condition for good dimensional stability of the fabric; however, excessive friction can cause pounding during weaving and adversely affect fabric quality. The magnitude of the friction coefficient also directly influences the appearance and style of the fabric. For example, friction between yarns to some extent determines the fabric's interlacing resistance. If the interlacing resistance is too high, the fabric typically feels hard and rough, and distortion is likely to occur. Additionally, the friction force between yarns plays a decisive role in the fabric's shear deformation resistance, and the circular shape of the chest and back areas requires the fabric to have good shear deformation capability. Therefore, determining the yarn friction coefficient is of significant importance.

UTSTESTER's Y019A/B Yarn Friction Tester (ASTM D 3108) is used to measure the friction characteristics of yarns. This tester is suitable for determining the dynamic friction coefficient of chemical fiber filaments and other material yarns, and can also be used for textiles such as top rolls. The friction coefficient measurement of the device is an indispensable testing tool for evaluating the friction coefficient of filaments and textile equipment.

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Salt is one of the most common compounds in the world and can be found in oceans, the atmosphere, on land surfaces, in lakes, and in rivers. When salt enters tiny droplets in the atmosphere, it forms a salt fog environment whose main component is sodium chloride.

1. What is salt spray testing?

Salt spray testing is used to evaluate the resistance of products or metal materials to salt spray corrosion. The results of salt spray testing are used to determine product quality, and whether the results are correct and reasonable is key to accurately measuring the resistance of products or metals to salt spray corrosion.

2. Classification of Salt Spray Test Methods Artificial simulated salt spray tests include three different test methods with varying requirements.  

(1) Neutral Salt Spray Test (NSS Test) is the earliest developed and currently most widely applied accelerated corrosion test method. It uses a 5% sodium chloride saltwater solution with a pH value adjusted to the neutral range (6.5–7.2) as the spray solution. The test temperature is set at 35°C, with a required salt fog deposition rate of 1–2 ml/80 cm/h.  

Application scope: metals and alloys, metal coatings, conversion coatings, anodized coatings, and organic coatings on metal substrates.

(2) The Acetic Acid Salt Spray Test (ASS Test) was developed based on the neutral salt spray test. It involves adding some glacial acetic acid to a 5% sodium chloride solution, lowering the solution's pH to around 3, making the solution acidic, and resulting in acidic salt spray instead of neutral salt spray. Its corrosion rate is approximately three times faster than that of the NSS test.

Application scope: decorative coatings of copper + nickel + chromium or nickel + chromium, anodized films on aluminum, and organic coatings.

(3) The Copper-Accelerated Acetic Acid Salt Spray Test (CASS Test) is a newly developed rapid salt spray corrosion test abroad. The test temperature is 50°C, and a small amount of copper salt (copper chloride) is added to the salt solution to strongly induce corrosion. Its corrosion rate is approximately 8 times that of the NSS test.

Application scope: decorative coatings of copper + nickel + chromium or nickel + chromium, anodized aluminum films, and organic coatings.

3. How long is the conversion time between salt spray testing and natural environment exposure?

Based on existing industry standards (theoretical values), the conversion relationship between 24-hour salt spray testing and natural environment exposure is as follows:

Neutral salt spray testing for 24 hours ⇌ 1 year of natural environment exposure

Acetic acid salt spray testing for 24 hours ⇌ 3 years of natural environment exposure

Copper salt accelerated acetic acid salt spray testing for 24 hours ⇌ 8 years of natural environment exposure

There is no uniform standard for salt spray test duration, which should be flexibly selected based on product type, industry standards, and testing objectives. It is primarily divided into three categories:  

(1) Short-term testing (24–72 hours)  

Purpose: Rapid screening of the basic corrosion resistance of materials or coatings, such as small appliance housings, connectors, etc.  

Example: Exposed automotive hardware: 24-hour neutral salt spray test (NSS); Electronic component factory testing: 24–48 hours.

(2) Medium-term testing (72–168 hours)

Purpose: To assess durability in moderate corrosion environments, such as automotive components and outdoor building materials.

Example: Hardware fittings (doors, windows, railings): 96–168 hours; photovoltaic mounting brackets: 72–240 hours.

(3) Long-term testing (over 168 hours)

Purpose: Reliability verification in extreme environments (e.g., marine engineering, aerospace), with durations up to 1,000–2,000 hours.  

Examples: Ship components: starting at 500 hours, some exceeding 2,000 hours; aerospace fasteners: 480–1,000 hours of neutral or alternating salt spray testing.

Salt spray test duration is a dynamic parameter that requires flexible design based on product application, environment, and standards. Short-term tests (24 hours) are suitable for production line spot checks, while thousand-hour-level tests serve as the “quality gatekeepers” for marine and aerospace equipment. Reasonable time planning can avoid the cost waste of excessive testing while accurately exposing corrosion protection shortcomings.

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Nonwovens are widely used in daily life and industry due to their unique properties. From medical and hygiene products to filter materials and geotextiles, nonwovens have a wide range of applications. To ensure that nonwoven products meet the needs of various industries, the ISO 9073 testing standard was developed to provide a comprehensive assessment method for nonwovens quality control.

1. Introduction to ISO 9073 Testing Standards

ISO 9073 is a series of standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization for nonwoven fabric testing. They cover a wide range of test methods, from raw material properties and finished product physical properties to specialized properties. These standards are designed to ensure that the quality and performance of nonwoven products meet specific requirements and protect the interests of end users.

2. Key Contents of the ISO 9073 Testing Standard

The ISO 9073 testing standard series consists of multiple parts, each addressing different testing requirements. The following are some key ISO 9073 standards and their explanations:

（1）ISO 9073-1: Sample Collection and Preparation

This part of the standard specifies the sampling and preparation methods for nonwoven fabric samples prior to testing to ensure accurate and reproducible test results.

（2）ISO 9073-2: Measurement of Thickness

The thickness of nonwoven fabrics directly affects their water absorption, air permeability, and other properties. This part of the standard describes methods for accurately measuring the thickness of nonwoven fabrics.

（3）ISO 9073-3: Determination of Mass and Mass Variability

Specifies standard test methods for determining the mass (weight) of nonwoven fabrics and their variability over a specified area.

（4）ISO 9073-4: Determination of Tear Strength

This standard provides a test method for measuring the tear strength of nonwoven fabrics, a key indicator of their mechanical properties.

（5）ISO 9073-10: Determination of liquid breakthrough time and absorption rate

For nonwovens used as absorbent materials, the absorption rate and amount of liquid absorbed are extremely important. This part of the standard describes test methods for evaluating these properties. Given that certain applications require special flame retardancy for nonwovens, this part of the standard specifies test methods for the flammability of nonwovens.

（6）ISO 9073-13: Flammability test

3. Application and Significance of ISO 9073 Standards in the Nonwovens Industry

ISO 9073 testing standards provide a scientific and systematic evaluation method for the production, inspection, and application of nonwoven products. Through these standards, manufacturers can comprehensively evaluate and control the performance of nonwovens, improving product quality and gaining an advantage in the fiercely competitive market. For consumers, the application of ISO 9073 standards ensures they can obtain reliable nonwoven products that meet their needs in various scenarios.

4. Conclusion

As the application areas of nonwovens continue to expand, the performance requirements are becoming increasingly stringent. The ISO 9073 testing standard provides a scientific and systematic testing method to ensure that nonwoven products can meet increasingly stringent application requirements. In the future, as technology advances and the market develops, the ISO 9073 standard may be updated and improved accordingly to adapt to new challenges and demands. For companies in the nonwovens industry, understanding and strictly adhering to the ISO 9073 testing standard is undoubtedly key to promoting sustainable development and enhancing competitiveness.

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Twist not only affects the tensile properties of yarn but also influences its diameter, specific volume, softness, and stiffness. These factors, in turn, impact the fabric's coverage performance, thermal insulation, wrinkle recovery ability, dye absorption rate, and permeability. Twisting also affects the fuzziness of the yarn surface, making twist an important indicator of yarn structural characteristics.

In addition to using twist and twist coefficient to describe yarn twist characteristics, the twist direction within the yarn is also crucial. Twist direction refers to the inclined direction of fibers or individual yarns within a twisted yarn after twisting. There are two types of twist direction in yarn: S-twist (clockwise twist) and Z-twist (counterclockwise twist). Single yarns are generally twisted in the Z-direction, while S-twist is commonly used in plied yarns.

The commonly used twist testing methods are direct counting and untwisting and twisting. The direct counting method is generally used for short fibers and yarns, while the untwisting and twisting method is used for fine yarns. In addition, there are also secondary and tertiary untwisting and twisting methods, slip methods, etc.

1. Direct counting method

One end of the sample is fixed, while the other end is rotated in the direction of untwisting until the fibers in the yarn are completely straightened and parallel. The untwisted twist is then counted to determine the twist count per unit length of the sample. The direct counting method is the most basic method for determining yarn twist, and its results are relatively accurate, often serving as a standard for evaluating the accuracy of other methods.

However, this method has low work efficiency. If the fibers in the yarn are twisted, they are difficult to separate into parallel strands, and separating the fibers can cause the yarn to break easily. The direct counting method is generally used to count the twist count of coarse yarn or plied yarn, while the black-and-white yarn counting method can be used to test fine yarn. This involves feeding a black coarse yarn and a white coarse yarn into the same spindle to produce a fine yarn with alternating black and white stripes. The sample is clamped on the twist meter and untwisted in the same manner as the direct counting method. As the untwisting progresses, the distance between the black and white sections on the yarn increases, making it easier to count manually. Generally, untwisting to approximately half of the total twist count allows for manual counting of the remaining twist count. The total twist count on the yarn is the sum of the untwisted twist count from the twist meter and the remaining twist count from manual counting.

2. Twist removal and twist addition method

The twist removal and twist addition method is based on the assumption that, under a certain tension, the elongation of the yarn after twist removal is equal to the shortening of the yarn during reverse twist addition. A typical testing apparatus.

3. Factors Affecting Twist Testing  

3.1 Pre-tension  

The pre-tension for the untwisting and retwisting method varies between countries and regions. Excessive pre-tension can cause the pointer to return to zero slowly during reverse twisting, thereby increasing the twist during reverse twisting. In the slip method, this can lead to premature fiber slippage. Conversely, insufficient pre-tension can result in relatively reduced twist during reverse twisting, causing the test values to be lower during the untwisting and twisting method. In the slip method and the secondary untwisting and twisting method, since the errors caused by tension changes are taken into account, the method of subtracting the errors of two samples is adopted, thus minimizing the influence of tension.

3.2 Allowable elongation value  

After yarn untwisting, the elongation of the sample is measured. The allowable elongation value set for the elongation limit plays a role in preventing fiber slippage during the untwisting process. Experiments have shown that in untwisting and twisting tests, the larger the allowable elongation value, the larger the measured twist value. However, if the allowable elongation value is too large, fiber slippage at the weak points of the yarn strand will significantly affect the accuracy of the experiment. The allowable elongation value is related to the twist coefficient; the larger the twist coefficient of the yarn, the larger the allowable elongation value can be selected; conversely, it should be smaller. Generally, the variation range of yarn twist coefficients is not large, so the differences in allowable elongation values will also not be excessive.

3.3 Yarn unevenness

Yarn unevenness can affect twist testing. If the yarn contains defects such as neps or slubs, during the untwisting process, the original twist on the yarn may not be fully removed before reverse twisting begins, leading to increased testing errors. If there are long sections of unevenness on the yarn, it will affect the accuracy of the applied tension, ultimately causing additional testing errors.

In yarn twist testing, if the data deviates significantly, the above three factors affecting the test can be used as references to identify the cause, and human factors cannot be ruled out as a source of data inaccuracy. Regardless of the type of test, it must be conducted carefully and meticulously to ensure the scientific accuracy of the data.

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